Anomaly detection for IoT networks using machine learning

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonThe Internet of Things (IoT) is considered one of the trending technologies today. IoT affects various industries, including logistics tracking, healthcare, automotive and smart cities. A rising number of cyber-attacks and breaches are rapidly targeting networks equipped with IoT devices. This thesis aims to improve security in IoT networks by enhancing anomaly detection using machine learning. This thesis identified the challenges and gaps related to securing the Internet of Things networks. The challenges are network size, the number of devices, the human factor, and the complexity of IoT networks. The gaps identified include the lack of research on signature-based intrusion detection systems used for anomaly detection, in addition to the lack of modelling input parameters required for anomaly detection in IoT networks. Furthermore, there is a lack of comparison of the performance of machine learning algorithms on standard and real IoT datasets. This thesis creates a dataset to test the anomaly binary classification performance of the Neural Networks, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Decision Trees machine learning algorithms and compares their results with the KDDCUP99 dataset. The results show that Support Vector Machine and Gaussian Naive Bayes perform lower than the other models on the created IoT dataset. This thesis reduces the number of features required by machine learning algorithms for anomaly detection in the IoT networks to five features only, which resulted in reduced execution time by an average of 58%. This thesis tests CNNwGFC, which is an enhanced Convolutional Neural Network model, in detecting and classifying anomalies in IoT networks. This model achieves an increase of 15.34% in the accuracy for IoT anomaly classification in the UNSW-NB15 compared to the classic Convolutional Neural Network. The CNNwGFC multi-classification accuracy (96.24%) is higher by 7.16 than the highest from the literature

An-Nukat al-Ḥisān fī sharḥ ghāyat al-iḥsān of Abū Ḥayyān an-Naḥwī al-Andalusī ; a critical edition with an introductory study

This thesis consists of an annotated edition of a manuscript of Abu Hayyan an-Nahwi al-Andalusi and an introductory study. The introduction falls into three main sections, the first being a study of Abu Hayyan's life and the characteristic features which contributed in forming his character like his upbringing, education, teachers, belief and knowledge. We concluded this section by pointing out his extensive and varied knowledge not only of Arabic and Islamic disciplines but also his knowledge of foreign languages, Turkish, Persian, Ethiopic and Coptic. We also mentioned the high status he occupied as one of the most distinguished scholars of his time and probably one of the most outstanding Arab grammarians for his works on the study of Arabic grammar and the foreign languages

Artificial-intelligence-related drivers of civic engagement: social capital, trust and values, and the mediating role of knowledge sharing

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonPurpose: To assess the relationship between social capital and civic engagement in the absence and presence of knowledge sharing. Design/methodology/approach: The present research takes a positivist and quantitative approach. It applies an experimental methodology. In order to investigate the research conceptual framework empirically, a survey was pre-tested and post-tested. A chatbot experiment was applied to explore the effect of AI on the respondents’ recognition of civic engagement. The chatbot experiment was placed in between the pre and the post tests and it was applied on the sample of the research. The survey was given to a sample of 385 university students and staff members. The returned questionnaires were (68.3%). Findings: The data analysis process guided the researcher to conclude that according to the social capital theory there are two significant components of social capital which are bridging and bonding social capital. In the context of AI, social media is a perfect representation of social capital, as it has many effects on the processes of engagement in the community. In addition, the models of social capital theory are broadly employed in the research in terms of knowledge sharing and social behavior. However, a combination of social capital and social exchange theories should be used to better recognize the integration of knowledge sharing and social media. Further to that the theories in the available related literature are not sufficient to understand the relationship between social capital and civic engagement, in the presence and absence of knowledge sharing, in an environment characterized by AI. Contributions and implications: The current thesis makes four main theoretical contributions: The first contribution assumes that AI can be used to examine the social sciences; especially, to evaluate how knowledge sharing with the help of social science can be effective if used along with technology to improve the society in many ways. The second contribution assumes that technology can be used to develop social capital; especially when technology is integrated. this means that integrating AI into social capital can positively change social capital positively. The third contribution in assumes that civic engagement when integrating AI into civic engagement as in the experiment, civic engagement shows compliance with AI. This means the willingness to use AI was increased, this also means there is more trust in AI. AI no is never against the values of the social capital since it can bring prosperity to humanity. The fourth contribution assumes that knowledge sharing impacts social capital directly. It is vital to use the proper knowledge sharing tools to let the community participate in the process of learning and development of the AI technology and overcome the technology disengagement. The findings of the research are applicable for the civic engagement sector in the Kingdom of Bahrain and the other countries with similar characteristics. The findings of the research can be applied to enhance participation in civic engagement domain. This is because government shows how social media can lead to greater participation through the benefits of knowledge sharing. The findings of the research can provide incentives for users who are students or citizens to participate in civic engagement practices. Recommendations: Future research is required that can correlate social capital and leadership in the government and private sectors in the Kingdom of Bahrain. An assessment should be made of the relationship between knowledge sharing and quality of performance in different types of organization in Bahrain

Economic reform and political risk in the GCC: implications for U.S. government and business

The following is a transcript of the eighty-fifth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The meeting was held at the Russell Senate Office Building in Washington, DC, on July 12, 2016, with Richard J. Schmierer, chairman of the board of directors of the Middle East Policy Council, moderating, and Thomas R. Mattair, Council executive director, serving as discussant. The video can be accessed at www.mepc.org

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Fatal Dengue Cases in Mukalla - Hadhramout : Causes and Alarming Signals

A prospective descriptive study was conducted in Ib-Sina Hospital- Mukalla-Hadhramout To identify the causes and alarming signal of dengue -related deaths during the 2015-2016 dengue outbreak in Mukalla –Hadhramout- Yemen. Deaths due to dengue fever were reviewed from hospital records. Demographic details, clinical features, laboratory findings, and the treatment charts of death cases were reviewed and documented. Comorbidities were also listed, and causes and warning signs were evaluated and highlighted. Out of 424 dengue fever patients who admitted during outbreak period, 18 dengue-related deaths were reported (4.25%); 10 (55.6%) were male, and 8 (44.4%) were female. The median age was 26 years. Most cases from Fuwwah and Mukalla city (50%). The diagnosis at the time of presentation was severe dengue in all patients. three (15.9%) patients had comorbidity. Dengue shock, fulminant hepatitis, encephalitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome were the most common causes of death. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hypotension, altered mental status, convulsion, leukocytosis, rapid fall in platelet and elevated liver enzymes were alarming signals of fatal dengue. In conclusion Dengue-related deaths often occurs in young adult patients and shock state was the most common cause principally in females. Among died patients, raised hematocrit were not useful in identifying patients with plasma leakage. The causes and alarm signals for death were somewhat similar to other regional studies mostly in Asian countries

Teacher trainee understanding of the social consequences of sceince and technology in Saudi girls' college

استهدفت الدراسة الحالية تحديد مستوى فهم الطالبات السعوديات بكليات البنات للمظاهر الاجتماعية للعمل والتقنية، وما إذا كان لكل من المستوى الدراسي (الفرقة الأولى والرابعة) والتخصص الأكاديمي (علمي، أدبي) والأعداد التربوي (معدات تربوياً وغير معدات تربوياً) أثر في مستوى هذا الفهم ولقد تالف مجتمع الدراسة من جميع طالبات الفرقة الأولى والرابعة بكليات البنات خلال العام الجامعي 1412 هـ-1413 هـ، أما عينتها فهي عينة عشوائية عنقودية عددها 2198 طالبة تم اختيارهن من ست كليات للبنات بالمملكة العربية السعودية، وهي عينة ممثلة لطالبات الفرقة الأولى والرابعة، وللتخصص العلمي والأدبي، وللكليات التربوية وغير التربوية بهذه الكليات الست، وتم قياس مستوى فهم عينة الدراسة باستخدام اختبار فهم المظاهر الاجتماعية للعلم والتكنولوجيا الذي طوره حافظ بكر (1989) وحللت بيانات الدراسة باستخدام ثلاث من المعالجات الإحصائية (1) تقدير متوسط عينة الدراسة ككل، والعينات الفرعية ومقارنتها بالعلامة المحك أي مستوى الأداء المقبول على هذا الاختبار (2) تحليل التباين الثنائي 2X2 (3) اختبار "ت" t-test كتحليل بعدي في الحالات التي تكون فيها قيمة ف "F " داله عند تحليل التباين الثنائي. ولقد كشفت نتائج الدراسة عن أن مستوى فهم الطالبات السعوديات بكليات البنات للمظاهر الاجتماعية للعمل والتقنية جاءت دون مستوى الأداء المقبول، كما كشفت عن انه ليس للمستوى الدراسي تأثير دال على مستوى هذا الفهم، بينما يوجد لكل من التخصص الدراسي والأعداد التربوي تأثير دال (على مستوى0.05) وإن كان محدوداً على مستوى هذا الفهم، إذ وجد أن مستوى فهم الطالبات من ذوات التخصص الأدبي أعلى قليلاً من قريناتهن من ذوات التخصص العلمي، كما أن مستوى فهم الطالبات غير المعدات تربوياً أعلى قليلاً من قريناتهن من المعدات تربوياً.This study seeks to ascertain the degree to which student teachers at Saudi Girls' Colleges understand the social consequences of science and technology, and the effects that academic level (First vs. Fourth Year), Major subject area (Scientific vs. Literary), and professional training for a teaching career (vs. lack of it) may have on this understanding. The target population includes all First and Fourth Year students at the Girls' Colleges in 1412 - 1413 H. Teacher Trainee Understanding of The Social Consequences of Science and Technology in Saudi Girls' Colleges Dr. Abdulla Ali Al-Husain ABSTRACT A stratified random sample consisting of 2198 students, representative of First and Fourth Years, Science and arts sections, and colleges which provide teacher training as well as those that do no, was selected from six Girls' Colleges. The understanding level of the subjects was measured by means of the "Test of the Understanding of Social Consequences of Science and Technology," developed by Hafez Bakr (1989). Three statistical tech¬niques were used in data analysis : 1) Comparison of the overall sample mean and those of the sub-groups against the reference criterion established by the Test, 2) Two-way axle analysis of variance, and 3) t-test where sig¬nificant differences were indicated by the F-rarios obtained. The study concludes that understanding of the social consequences of science and technology by Saudi female teacher trainees of the Girls' Colleges is inferior to the performance level set by the used criterion. Wherease academic level is shown to have no significant impact on this understanding, however, the scores do reveal that both the major special¬ization area and professional training exercise a significant, although still slight, effect on it (at the 0.05 level). Literary division students scored higher than their science section counterparts. Similary, students without the benefit of teacher training performed slightly better than those who have undergone such training

An adaptive control of two wheel inverted pendulum robot based on particle swarm optimization

Research on two wheel inverted pendulum (TWIP) robot become an interest of many researcher due to its highly nonlinearity characteristic. TWIP offers extensive research diversity from modeling to control method. In control engineering, tuning of TWIP, which is a linear time invariant (LTI) system, has been well studied. In contrast, this paper emphasizes on time variant system of TWIP. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed for adaptive tuning of the TWIP. To avoid instable problem due to wide search space area used, integral absolute error (IAE) mesh is considered, which is important to ensure that the region where TWIP operates is stable and optimal. Simulation result shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach in enabling online PSO tuning scheme

Floating and viability of Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. propagules: implications for long distance dispersal simulation

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Knowledge towards human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and attitude towards its vaccine in the Kingdom of Bahrain: cross-sectional study.

Objectives: To determine the level of awareness of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and to assess attitudes towards receiving the vaccine among men and women in Bahrain.Design: A cross-sectional study. An interview-based questionnaire was used to measure HPV knowledge and attitude towards HPV vaccine.Setting: Ten randomly selected primary health centres (PHCs) in the Kingdom of Bahrain.Participants: 408 PHC attendees, including 268 women and 140 men aged 18-65 years. Only residents from Bahrain and English or Arabic speakers were invited to participate.Primary and secondary outcome measures: Extent of awareness of HPV infection, acceptance of HPV vaccine and describing the results in association to gender, educational level and other demographics.Results: A response rate of 91.4% was achieved, with a majority being female responders as opposed to male responders (65.7% vs 34.3%, respectively). Only 13.5% of the participants had heard of HPV, with female gender and employment in the health sector (pConclusion: Despite the limited knowledge about HPV infection among the study's participants, there is a favourable attitude towards the HPV vaccine. These data can support the initiation of a nationwide HPV immunisation programme.</p